Electrical wave producing circuit



Nov. 15, 1949 1.. Y. LACY ELECTRICAL WAVE PFKJDUCIIIG CIRCUIT 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed July 21, 1945 INVENTOR L. k LACY ATTORNEY Nov. 15, 1949 L. Y. LACY ELECTRICAL WAVE PRODUCING CIRCUIT 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed July 21, 1945 ATTORNEY L. Y. LACY 2,488,297

4 Sheets-Sheet 5 ELECTRICAL WAVE PRODUCING CIRCUIT Filed July 21, 1945 Nov. 15, 1949 Nov. 15, 1949 1.. Y. LACY 2,488,297

ELECTRICAL WAVE PRODUCING CIRCUIT Filed July 21, 1945 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 54 W T00 TH M 5 L1 i SAW INVIQENTOR L. i. LACY A TTORNE Y Patented Nov. 15, 1949 S A-T E15 TE T OFFICE ELECTRICAL WAVE PRQDUCING'CIRCUIT Lester Y. Lacy, Madison, N; J assignor to Bell "Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, New

Yorl ,-N.' a 'corpor'ation'of New York mp a n-July 21 Ser a N .06

gClaims; (01. att st) The present invention relates to. the production of, waves or, angular or pyramidal form for any desiredipurpose suchas sweep waves for electrical scan 7 ing purposes for electrical testing, oscilq q ri in Q .1 6 l I b' Anobject oi the invention is to 'provide'method and means which used to produce angular waves of accurate shape and'which are nannies to producing'such waves atparticular -freni'en'cy rangestbut can be usedtoproduce such waves at radio frequencies and also at frequenc'i es down to the order-of a few cyles persecond or lower.

A further obj ect is to. provide-tor theproduction of angular waves with flexibility as to frequency. A iurt erq iett islto Ill-9W9? a l Waves by d it n o a pluralit o s uar a es a e triangularior saW-toothwave.

Further and more specificobjects will appear as thedescription proceeds.

In the specific q me the-invention disc herein,- a series of square waves of different f re.- quency and amplitude are simultaneously derived from. the same initiaL source, which maybe a vacuum tube oscillator. These square waves are:

the component waves out Of which the final anguk lar-wave in constructed. Their dimensions are-so chosen that when directly added together, they forma resultant wave of staircase shape. At the same timeiromthe same-oscillator a triangularor saw-tooth component waveis caused to heme-:-

du d havin the proper-fre uen ampl ude and shape to change the staircase wave, when combined therewith, into a uniformly sloped wave. In other words, the individual steps are removed from the""wave but the staircase slope is retained. In order 'to give the finaliwave both descending" and ascending portions; the :phase of each of the component waves incIudingthesaW tooth wave 'isturned over at times at which points of flexure-are to occur in t'hefinal wave Thisresults in reversing the'slope of the angular wave from risingtolalling or from falling to rising.

The. various features as well" as thenature and objects of the invention will appear more fully from the following detailed description and from the accompanying drawings in which:

Fig. 1 shows mammals which the com ponent waves are combined to give the'finalwave; Fig. 2 is a simplified schematic circuit diagram of the overall system; and

Figs.i3, and: 5 wheneput together as indicated b he ke -fi an e new d a r m ih' nti yst m 111 9 The mfltbPd 9f ene ates pyramidal sweep wave in accordance with the invention will be explained with the aid of the diagrams on Fig. 1. At the top of this figure are drawn four. rectangular waves representing voltages varying in time according to distance measured in the horizontal direction and varying in magnitude according to distance measured in the vertical direction; The upper wave 5 has the highest'frequency, each wave 2, 3 and 3 having half the frequency of thewave next above it in the figure and having twice the magnitude of' the Wave next above it The summation of these waves by'direct algebraic addition gives the staircase Wave shown dotted at 5. In order to convert this stepped wave 5 to a smoothly varying triangular or pyramma wave' 6, there is added to wave 5 a 'sawtoothwave'l which has the proper frequency and magnitude to, aspit were, tilt the horizontal'por'tions' of the staircase wave upward so that they are aligned into a straight line 6.

In order to cause the wave 6 to change its slope at points T7 and T 'so'as to be of angular shape, a phase reversal is introduced into each of the waves l 2,13, 4 and l at times T7 and Ta. If each of these component wavesis symmetrical in magnitude withrespect to ground (or other reference point), as indicated by the'indices at g at the left margin of the figure, the resultant wave 5 is also symmetrical about ground potential indicated by the broken horizontal line g.

This method of building up the final wave can result'in a high degree of accuracy and stability inthe produced wave 'si'nceeach of the component 3 method described. in connection with Fig. 1. The

final voltage'E is the desired wave of pyramidal form shown at 6 in Fig. 1, This voltage is produced by variations in the current flowing through resistance paths Ill and l i from the positive'pole of grounded'battery l2 to the negative pole of grounded battery H3. The current flowing" in these resistance paths is variedby varying the manner of connection to the paths l6 and H of four load circuit 16, ll, 18 and M and by use of a saw-tooth generator '2'0,'conn'ected across the paths in and u.

Switches 2|, 22, 23 and 24 are indicated for shifting the connection of the re spective load circuits from one to the other path It! or H. These switches are operated at regularly timed intervals with the same frequency as is assumed for the Wave forms I, 2, 3 and 4 of Fig. 1. Switch 2 I is operated at the highest rate, for example, 16 times in a given unit of time.

- Switch 22 operates half as rapidly or 8 times in the given time interval while switches 23 and 24 operate at rates of respectively 4 and 2 times in the given interval. 1 shown in their lower position.

All of these switches are Considering only the switches in this position no current is being drawn through any of the resistors in path H! by any of the loads. Resistor 25 (also 26) will generally have a resistance value many times higher than 8R. The potential at point P1 is therefore high under the conditions assumed and lead 21 is at its highest potential,

the upper path It, with corresponding to the conditions at time T1 in Fig.

1. At this time each of the waves I, 2, 3, 1i and 1, and therefore 6, has it maximumpositive value.

While the circuit could be operated with only one of the two paths It] or II, for example with only the one path ill, in which case the final output wave E would be the voltage between lead 21 and ground, the use of both paths Hi and it together with the provision for making complementary changes in the two paths results in the production of wave E across leads 21 and 28 that can be made symmetrical with respect to ground. With the switches all in the positions shown, therefore, the point P2 has its lowest voltage since all of the loads are drawing current through all of the potential dropping resistors in the path I I. These loads are constant current loads to be described in detail later on. It will be noted that the resistors have values of R, R, 2B and 4B progressively toward the right. Neglecting for the present the effect of the saw-tooth source 20, when switch 2| breaks its lower contact and makes its upper contact, the potential at P2 is raised by a definite amount and the potential at P1 is reduced by a like'amount. The voltage E is reduced, therefore, by the sum of these two amounts, symmetrically with respect to ground. This occurs at timeTz on Fig. 1. At time T3, switch 21 breakes its upper contact and makes its lower contact. Also switch 22 shifts from lower to upper contact. The former by itself would increase E by one step and the latter by itself would reduce E by two steps, the resultant change in E being a decrease of one step. At time T4 switch 2lagain operates to reduce E one step. This process continues, with the three switches 21, .22 and 23 all operating'at time T and with all four of the switches operating at time T6.

The manner in which the saw-tooth wave is produced and added to the square waves can best be explained in connection with the more specific circuit figures to be described, but it is clear from Fig. .1 that the saw-tooth generator introduces a voltage increment at times T1, T2, T3, etc. and that this increment is decreased at a linear rate to zero in the intervening times.

The manner in which the phase is reversed at the peaks of the wave 6 will be explained in connection with the description of the detailed circuit figures to follow.

The range of voltage variation of the final wave 6 can be varied by changing the value of the shunting resistance 29 without upsetting the symmetry of the Wave to ground. The points of connection of leads 21 and 28 to the resistors 25 and 26 can also be varied to contro1 the output voltage E and to maintain symmetry with respect to ground.

Referring now to the detailed circuit shown on Figs. 3, 4 and 5 and at first to the frequency divider circuit of Fig. 3, the timing of the entire circuit is determined by the oscillator 30, which may be any suitable type of alternating current source such as a vacuum tube oscillator whose frequency can be varied if the system is to be made flexible as to length of the final pyramidal wave. There is no limitation on the frequency F which this generator may produce since all of the circuits controlled by it are electronic. The output wave from 30 may be amplified at 3| and impressed on a square wave circuit consisting of the limiting tube 32-of two stages with high series resistances in its grid circuits for flattening the tops of both half waves. Two pulse outputs are derived from the second stage plate, one leading through a cathode follower amplifier tube 33 via lead 34 to the sweep circuit of Fig. 5 and the other leading via conductor 35 to the grid of amplifier 3B the output of which is connected at 31 to the two control grids of the first divider circuit 38. The grid of amplifier 36 (and 39) is biased beyond cut-off from negative battery bus 40 so that negative pulses received over lead 35 have no effect but positive pulses send amplified negative pulses over 31 to the grids of divider circuit 38. This is a well-known type of flip-flop circuit having two stable conditions in which one or the other half is transmitting saturation current and the opposite half is cut off. The negative pulse received over 31 finds the left half conducting and sends it to cut-off, which causes saturation current to flow in the right half in accordance with'the wellknown flip-flop action. This produces a negative pulse in output lead 4| but this has no effect since tube 39 is already cut off. The next negative pulse received over 31 flips the circuit 38 in the opposite direction causing the right half to be changed from a current transmitting to a cut-off condition. This sends a positive pulse to the grid of amplifier 39 which then sends a negative pulse over lead 42 to the next divider circuit 43. Thus, every other cycle of the F wave produces a pulse in conductor 42, no pulses being repeated in the intervening cycles. The pulses in conductor 42 occur therefore at half the frequency of the oscillator wave or at the frequency The successive dividers 43, 44, 45 and 46 are all constructed similarly to divider 38 and operate in similar manner, so that they are shown by boxes merely. The outputs from each of these dividers are taken off by a pair of leads, 59 and 5! in the case of divider 38, from the two plates by a potentiometer type of connection including resistances connected between the +250-"volt bus 52, the l50-vo1t bus 46 and the plates of the divider tubes, such that when either tube is transmitting current, one of the two output leads 59 or 51, has impressed on it'a voltage of -40 and the other a voltage of 67 volts. This arrangement is followed in each of the divider stages.

The lowest frequency pulses give large amplitude fiat topped waves for appli-- cation to the control grids ofthe phase reversing control tubes 60 and 6| (Fig. 5). Lead 58' has either 0 or volts-on it and lead 59 has either *35' or 0 volts on it, each voltage being present on each lead half the time and being opposite on the two leads. Referring to Fig. l, the reversal of polarity on these leads occurs at times T1, T7 and T8 so that the length of each polarity of pulse is T1 to T7 or T7 to T8. (This particular voltage wave is not illustrated on Fig. l but it would be twice as long in wavelength as wave 4.) The turn-over in phase previously spoken of as occurring at the peaks of the wave 6 in each of the component waves l, 2, 3, 4 and I is controlled from tubes 69 and BI and the turn-over times are determined by the potential changes on leads 58 and. 59. a

- First it will be considered how the wave l of Fig. l-is produced .and applied to the upper and lower paths Illand i l referred to in Fig. 2 and shown in detail at the top of Fig. 4. This is done by biasing the tubes 85v and 86 so that current is drawn through one or the other of the left-most resistors in the upper branch .I [I and lower branch I l as will now be described.

When the control grid of tube 60 or 65 is 35 volts, the tube is entirely out off and its plate potential is quite positive as determined by the plate circuit resistors acting as potential dividers. When the control grid is at 0 volt, the anode has a. voltage of roughly 0. Since each tube 60, 6| is at all times in one or the other of theseextreme conditions, it is seen that variations in the tube characteristics such as might result from changing tubes do not affect the operation of the system. If we take the case where conductor 59 is negative (35 volts) and conductor 58 is at 0 voltage, the plate of tube 60 is at high positive voltage and the plate of tube 6 I is at zero. These potentials are applied to the grids of tube 62 by means of the resistors connected between the plates of tubes 60 and BI and the -l50 volt bus 43. It will be clear from what has been said that this situation reverses at times T1, T7, T8, etc. Tube 62 is connected as a cathode-follower tube with a high cathode resistance for stabilizing its characteristics by feedback action. Its cathode voltages under the two extreme conditions shift from a voltage of +3 to and vice versa in unison with the changes in conduction of tubes 6,0 and 6 I.

Leads 62a and 621) from the cathodes of tube 62 extend to the cathodes of the switching tubes in the lower half of Fig. 4 of which the first pair comprises double triodes 82, 83 and 8|, 84. The cathodes of BI and 83 are connected to lead 62a, while the cathodes of 82 and 84 are connected to lead 62b. Thus, these cathodes have their potentials shifted in pairs between the values +3 and 340 volts in alternation, at the frequency The grid voltages of these same pairs of triodes are also shifted between extreme values of -40 and 67 volts under control of leads and 5| as already described, at the frequency but it will be noted that the pairing of the grids is different from the pairing of the cathodes since the grids of 82 and BI are paired and the grids of 83 and 84' are paired. These triodes are cut off individually when the grid has any of these extreme voltage conditions other than 40 volts at the same time that its cathode is at -40 volts since it will be sn. that in all of the other con= ditions thegrid isat 'least'as far negative. as 27 volts with respectto its cathode and this is sufiiciently negative to cut off transmission through the tube.

The plates of these pairs of triodes are paired in a still. different manner, plates of 82 and 83 being paired andplatesof BI and 34 being paired. The effect of this is that during the relatively long periods in which lead 62a (for example) is at 40 volts, the relatively rapid pulses of -40 volts oc# curring on lead 51 (for example) can only result in causing the one triode 8| to conduct, making the grid of load tube 86 negative and cutting oiT that tube. At these same instants of time the 61 volt pulses on-leadifl .prevent triode 83 from conducting so that the grid of-load tube is free to assume a potential v as determined by the as-' sociated resistors and regulating tube and draw aregulated currentthrough the resistor R at its left in branch path lrl. During those relatively long times in which lead 6%. is at -40 volts, the relatively rapid 40 volt pulses occurring on lead 5| can, on the contrary, only result in causing the triode 82 to conduct while the alternate 40-Volt pulses on lead 50 .can only cause triode 34 to con duct. A reversal of polarity on the leads 62a and 62b therefore reverses the control as between the pulses in leads 50,5! and. the load tubes 85, 86, so that at time T7, for example, two opposite pulses on lead 50 immediately following each other, one comingjustbefore and the other just after time T1, produce the same effect on the load tubes since the voltage conditions on leads 62a andfiib have reversed at time T7.

Inv order to make the. load that is. connected to lines it and H in this: manner draw a constant current, the tubes 92 and 93 are provided to gether with resistors 90 and 9| of which the resistance of 90 may be in the order of 75,000 ohms and two or three times larger than the resistance of 9!. The load current flows in series through these two resistors and as the current tends to vary, the potential on the grid of tube 85 or 8%, Whichever is conducting, is caused to follow the variations but in an opposing phase relation by feedback action around the twostages 92, 85 or 93, 86.- The voltages of sources l2 and 93 are assumed to be constant and in practice may be closely regulated. As other load circuits along the branches I0, II are switched in and out, the plate voltage of tubes 85 and 86 varies and the regulator tubes 92 and 93 are efiective in compensating for the effect which such variations wouldv otherwise have on the load current drawn by these load tubes.

The other load circuits are shown in detail at I1, 18 and I9 but no'further description of these is deemed necessary since they are duplicates of load circuit l6 and operate in the same way except for the difference in frequency as determined by the frequency of the pulses which they receive on their control grids fromthe respective double triode circuits shown below them in the figure, whose grids are controlled from the different divider stages of Fig. 3.

The saw-tooth wave variations are produced in the branch paths lfl and H by connecting the plates of the tubes 64 and 65 in different manners to conductors ill and I and varying the potential applied to these tubes under control of voltages derived from the saw-tooth Wave generator and the saw-tooth voltage developed across resistors divider circuit. Tubes 64 and 65 are connected to the paths I and II by leads 64a. and 64b. The saw-tooth wave generator is shown as enclosed in a broken line rectangle in Fig. at 8|]. This generator is of the type in which a condenser, II, is slowly charged in series with the plate circuit of a vacuum tube, I2, and in which the condenser is rapidly discharged at regular intervals through a tube, I9. The saw-tooth shaped voltage variation on condenser II is applied to the grid of tube 13 and the output is taken off from across the cathode resistor I8I, I82 in lead I83 for application to the tubes 64 and 65 in a manner to be described later on.

' Condenser 'II has its upper plate connected to the +250-volt bus 52, and its lower plate connected to the anode of tube 12 the cathode of which is connected through a resistor to the l50-volt bus 40. The timing of the discharge of condenser H is determined by the positive voltage pulses received over lead 34 from tube 33 of Fig. 3, occurring at the frequency F. These pulses are applied to the cathode of tube I8 and when so applied, they interrupt the normal current flow through that tube. The two tubes I8 and 19 form a flip-flop circuit of known type having a stable condition in which tube 18 is transmitting saturation current and tube I9 is cut off. In this conditionof the circuit the condenser II is being charged in series with tube l2 as already noted. When a timing pulse is received over lead 34, tube I8 is suddenly cut oii and tube 19 is changed to low impedance by the transfer of positive voltage to its grid. Tube I9 then quickly discharges condenser lI. Resistance IT is made small so as to permit very rapid discharge of the condenser and give a nearly vertical front to the saw-tooth wave.

The limit of discharge of condenser II is set by diode it which has its cathode connected to derive an adjustablev positive bias from resistor 81. This diode forms a potential divider. with resistor M5 by which the grid of tube I9 is given some limiting value such as +110 volts. When the cathode of tube 79 rises in potential with the discharging of condenser ii, the grid voltage of tube 19 rises with it until the diode Iii limits the grid to a potentialof +110 volts at which time the potential of the grid of tube I9 relative to its cathode decreases and then becomes negative until it starts to reduce the current flow through tube T9 to the point where the circuit including tubes E3, "E9 flips to its normal, stable condition in response to the transfer of positive voltage to the grid of tube I8. Tube 19 then is cut ofi and the charging of condenser 'II begins again, starting the'cycle to repeat.

With the switch 190 in its lower position, the I81, I82 is applied, as stated, over lead I83 and through the switch I98 to lead 83a to the outer pair of grids of tubes 64 and 65. Resistance I9I and condenser I92 have such a large time constant that the inner grids of these tubes are unable to follow the saw-tooth voltage so that only the average of the saw-tooth voltage is applied to these grids.

7 Each tube 6 1, the negative bus ii) in series with the respective half of the reversing tube 66, 6'! which is a constant current device (due to feed-back action in its high cathode resistor) transmitting current through one side or the other. Tubes 66 and 61 derive their grid bias from resistors 96, 91 in the respective plate circuits of the switching pen- 35 has its cathode connected to todes 50, GI. It will be recalled that only one of these pentodes is transmitting at a time, the opposite pentode being cut ofi. The bias voltages thus applied to the grids of reversing tubes 66, El are such as to cut off one of the two triodes and allow the other to transmit full current, the two triodes alternating their conditions with the alternating conditions of the switching pentodes 68, 6|. 1

Considering the period in which triode 66, for example, is conducting, a constant current is caused to flow through this triode and to divide between the two space paths of tubes 65. Sawtooth variations on the right-hand grid cause the right-hand half of tube 65 to produce output current of saw-tooth form in lead 6% and since the total current through both halves of this tube is held constant, saw-tooth current of complementary value is caused to fiow through the lefthand half of tube 65 into lead 64a. Complementary saw-tooth currents are thus drawn through the left-most resistors R, R of circuit paths I0 and I I causing balanced saw-tooth voltage variations to be superposed on the square waves at the output ends of paths I0 and II.

When the switching pentodes cc and 6| reverse their conditions (at times T1, T7, Ts, etc., Fig. 1), triodes 86 and El also reverse their conditions, tube 66 now becomes the tube through which the saw-tooth waves are applied to leads 64a and 64b, and it will be seen that the saw-tooth wave is now reversed or turned over in phase since the plates of the tube 84 are reversely connected to leads 6 1a and Mb with respect to the plates of tube 65. The slope of the saw-tooth wave is in this way always kept in the right direction to fill in the steps of the stepped Wave 5 of Fig.1 to give the sloping side 5 regardless of whether the latter is ascending or descending.

In order to assist in maintaining the current through triodes tit, 51 constant despite the sawtooth variations occurring in the current through tubes 6d and 65, a small amount of correcting saw-tooth voltage is brought via lead 68 from lead 83a to the cathodes of tubes E6, 61 at the cathode end of resistors 69 which forms part of the series resistance between these cathodes and the negative bus 40.

If switch I90 is thrown to its upper position,

no saw-tooth waves are impressed on the tubes r and for calibrating and adjusting purposes.

One feature of the invention is that as the frequency of the input oscillator 3% of Fig. 3 is varied to change the length of the final pyramidal wave, all parts of the circuit including the saw-tooth wave generator automatically accommodate their operation to the new frequency to produce the pyramidal wave of required shape. The lengths of the square waves of Fig. 1 all change in the same proportion so that they add up properly. A more diificult problem is to cause the saw-tooth wave always to assume the required shape exactly to fill in the steps. As the frequency is increased to build a shorter pyramidal wave, it is seen that the slope of the sawtooth or triangular wave must be increased and vice versa. This is done in the present disclosure by automatically controlling the charging rate of the condenser II to have a faster charging rate for a higher frequency adjustment.

The charging rate of condenser 'II is con- 9 trolled by varying the internal impedance of tube 12. If the voltage developed across condenser H at the time when a discharging pulse comes in from the timing circuit over lead 34 islower than the maximum saw-toothwave voltage, this is an indication that the charging rate is too slow and the circuits provided are such as to lower the impedance of the tube 12 to permit of a higher rate of charging. If on the contrary too high a voltage develops across condenser ii before the condenser is discharged by the timing pulse, this indicates that the charging rate is too high and the internal impedance of valve "i2 is increased to reduce the charging rate.

Since the voltage of the upper plate of condenser H is at the fixed value of +250 volts, the minimum positive voltage value to which the lower plate of the condenser falls can be used to determine whether the charging rate is too high or too low. As the condenser 1| is being charged, the grid potential and also the cathode potential of tube 13 are carried down to lower and lower positive values until the condenser is discharged. There will, therefore, be some critical minimum voltage, for example, +130 volts, to which the cathode of tube 13 falls when the charging rate is exactly right. Under these conditions the cathode of the diode I86 connected to the potential divider resistors HH and I82 is carried downward in voltage to a slightly negative value such as to permit a certain amount of current to flow through the diode I85 and charge the condensers 94 and 95 negatively. (The resistances shown associated with these condensers are for the purpose of giving the circuit a relatively large time constant.) Under correct conditions of operation, condensers 94 and 95 will apply a certain residual negative voltage to the grid of tube 14. This results in applying a voltage to the grid of tube 15 such as to determine a particular voltage at point 16 in the output circuit. Point 15 is connected directly to the grid of the tube 12 and applies a bias thereto.

If now the charging rate for condenser H' is too great, the cathode of tube 13 and therefore the cathode of diode I85 will be carried too far in the negative direction, increasing the negative charge on condensers 94 and 95, making the grid of tube 15 more positive and the potential at point it more negative. This increases the negai tive bias on the grid of tube 12 and increases the impedance of the tube thereby lowering the charging rate of condenser ll. If the charging rate is too small, the amount of current transmitted through the diode I86 is reduced and this in turn finally makes the potential of point 76 and of the grid of tube 72 more positive, thus increasing the charging rate of condenser H.

The final output angular wave may be taken off at output terminals 99. The resistors '25 and 26 are shown in Fig. 4 as of balanced or symmetrical type and a lowpass filter 98 is shown in the output connection for suppressing ripple or other high frequency components.

A divisional application directed to the sawtooth wave generator circuit arrangement of the present disclosure has been filed February 15, 1949, Serial No. 76,540 for Electrical wave producing circuit.

What is claimed is:

1. A sweep wave generator for generating an angular sweep wave comprising a plurality of generating circuits for producing square waves of respectively halved frequency and doubled amplitude, means to add all of said square waves to provide a staircase wave of ascending and descending sloped portions, and means to convert the staircase wave portions into straight line portions comprising means to generate sawtooth waves having the same frequency as the individual staircase steps and means to combine said saw-tooth waves with the staircase wave in such phase as to eliminate the steps of the staircase wave.

2. The method of producing an angular shaped wave comprising generating square waves of respectively halved frequency and doubled amplitude, adding said waves together, said waves when so added tending to produce a staircase wave, further generating an angular or sawtooth wave of the same frequency as the steps of said staircase wave and adding it to said square waves to eliminate the staircase steps from the resultant wave.

3. The method of producing an angular wave comprising generating a plurality of square waves of respectively halved frequency and doubled amplitude, generating a saw-tooth wave of the same frequenc as the highest frequency square wave, adding said waves together to produce a changing voltage with a uniform slope and from time to time reversing the phase of each of said square waves and said saw-tooth wave to reverse the slope of said voltage.

4. A circuit for producing an angular wave comprising means for generating a plurality of square waves of respectively halved frequency and doubled amplitude, means to generate a saw-tooth wave having a frequency equal to that of the highest frequency square wave, means to add all of said square waves and said saw-tooth wave together to form a voltage of uniform slope and means to reverse the phase of each of said square waves and said saw-tooth wave at repeated instants of time to reverse the slope of said volta e- 5. A circuit for producing an angular wave comprising a source of input control waves, means to produce under control of said source a plurality of square waves of respectively halved frequency and doubled amplitude such that when added together said square waves would produce a staircase voltage, a saw-tooth wave generator controlled from said source and producing a wave of such frequency, amplitude and angular slope that when added to the summation of said square waves the steps from said staircase voltage are eliminated, means to add together said square waves and said saw-tooth wave, and means for periodically reversing the phase of each of said square waves and of said saw-tooth wave.

6. A circuit for producing an angular wave comprising means to generate a plurality of com ponent waves consisting of a plurality of square waves of respectively halved frequency and doubled amplitude and a saw-tooth wave, a single input wave source for determining the frequency of each of said component waves, means, comprising a series of multiple valued resistors and associated constant current loads which are alternately switched in and out, by means of electronic switches, at definite time intervals under control of pulses derived from said single input wave source by means of a, series of frequency dividers, to add together said component waves in such proportions as to give a changing voltage having a uniform slope and means to reverse the phase of each component wave at the same instant repeatedly to reverse the slope of said voltage.

ries therewith and with a a plurality of resistances in series in said path having stepped resistance values, a plurality of constant current load circuit shunted across said 7. A circuit for generating an angular voltage wave comprising an initial input wave source,

control of pulses derived from said means to produce a plurality of waves of successively doubled frequency, to add together all of said square waves and said saw-tooth wave in such proportions as to produce a. uniformly varying angular wave.

8; In an angular wave producing circuit a source of constant direct voltage, a path in sepair of output terminals,

path between said source and said terminals at points between said series resistances, means to 12 enable and disable said load circuits individually at individual rates increasing by a factor of two from one load circuit to the next to vary the voltage across said terminals by the additive effects of said load circuits, and means for also impressing a saw-tooth wave upon said terminals of a determined shape such as to vary the terminal voltage smoothly from one step value to another.

LESTER Y. LACY.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,955,332 Iams Apr. 17, 1934 2,157,434 Potter May 9, 1939 2,171,536 Bingley Sept. 5, 1939 2,241,619 Sherman May 13, 1941 2,250,479 Goldmark July 29, 1941 2,250,819 Wolf July 29, 1941 2,266,516 Russell Dec. 16, 1941 2,275,460 Page Mar. 10, 1942 2,428,913 Hulst, Jr. Oct. 14, 1947 

